Sundarban:World largest mangrove forestGeneral Description
Sundarban is the biggest mangrove forest in the world. Sundarban is in South West part of Bangladesh, in the district of greater Khulna. India shares a bit of the forest taking into account than Bangladesh. The quantity place is approximately 38,000 square kilo meters. Sundarban is a large block of littoral forests. The beauty lies in its unique natural surrounding. The Sundarbans are a portion of the world's largest delta formed by the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. Thousands of meandering streams, creeks, rivers and estuaries have enhanced its magnetism. For miles and miles, the lofty treetops form an unbroken canopy, even though nearer the sports auditorium, works of high and ebb-tide marked going regarding for the soil and tree trunks and the many varieties of the natural mangrove tree-tree-tree-reforest have much to the front going on gone the money for to an inquisitive visitor.
Sundarban is the natural quarters of the worlds proficiently-known Royal Bengal Tiger, spotted deer, crocodiles, jungle fowl, wild boar, lizards and many more. Migratory flock of Siberian ducks above arena greater than thousands of sail boats loaded once timber, Golpata, fuel wood, honey, shell and fish adding together mount going on to the mild natural beauty of the Sundarban.
In general, the northern boundary and subsidiary depositions are characterized by Baen (Avicennia port , A. alba, A. officinalis ) flanked by foreshore grassland of Oryza coarctata (Dhani grass). Baen is gradually replaced by Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha) and furthermore Goran (Ceriops spp.). The southern and eastern links add together Garjan (Rhizophora spp.), Kankra (Bruguiera spp.), and few patches of Sundari (Heritiera fomes) . Hental (Phoenix spp.) reforest exists in relatively high house and compact soil. Dhundul (Xylocarpus granatum), Passur (Xylocarpus mekongensis) and Nipa fruticans (Golpata) palm swamps are utterly limited.
The Sundarban Reserved Forest (SRF), occupying an place of as regards 6,017 square kilometres or 600,000 hectares, represents 51 percent of the sum reserved forest place of Bangladesh and as such forms a skillfully-to-reach and diverse ecosystem once potential for sustainable natural resource government. Man has exploited the Sundarban for centuries but the forest was not accuracy Reserve status by the Forestry Department until 1875.
managed the tree-tree-forest and new natural resources of the SRF through loyalty to dealing out plans which it prepares at regular intervals.Early admin conveniently concentrated coarsely revenue addition and the enforcement of felling rules to do into overcutting, particularly in the eastern share. The first authentic professional forest handing out planning was introduced in the SRF in the upfront 1900s following the opening of the Curtis Working Plan.
However, more recently reforest resource government has shifted to optional association emphasis regarding speaking environmental and socio-economic issues.
The by now than table presents the fractions represented by forest and auxiliary get out of types in the Sundarban.
Famous spots
The main tourist mitigation is Hiron Point (Nilkamal) for watching tiger, deer, monkey, crocodiles, natural world and natural beauty. Katka is for watching deer, tiger, crocodiles, varieties of natural world and monkey. Morning and evening symphony of wild fowls. Vast expanse of grassy meadows running from Katka to Kachikhali (Tiger Point) manage to pay for opportunities for wild tracking. Tin Kona Island for tiger and deer. Dublar Char (Island) for fishermen. It is a pretty island where herds of spotted deer are often seen to chafe. Here burning and water meet in many novel fashions, Wildlife presents many a spectacle. No admiration, you may come across a Royal Bengal Tiger swimming across the streams or the crocodiles basking in bank account to the river banks. With the retrieve of the evening herds of deer make for the darkling glades where boisterous monkeys shower Keora leaves from above for sumptuous meal for the former. For the botanist, the veneration of natural world, the poet and the painter this blazing provides a variety of wonder for which they all crave.
Areas in Sundarban
Type
Area (km2)
Percent
Forest place
3997
66
Sandbars, grass, bare sports auditorium
115
2
Rivers
1905
32
Total SRF (of which 1397 km2 represented by 3 wildlife sanctuaries)
6017
100
Source: Forest Resources Management Project 1998 (modified)
Areas by species
Species
Area (km2)
Percent (%)
Production tree-forest
Wildlife sanctuary
Total
Sundri
1801
170
1905
46
Gewa
1056
262
1318
32
Goran
303
345
648
16
Keora
59
24
83
2
Passur
28
0
28
1
Baen
10
2
12
0
Tree plantations
2
0
2
0
Grass, bare arena
46
23
69
2
Sandbars
27
19
46
1
Total
3267
845
4112
100
Source: Forest Resources Management Project 1998 (modified)
Although the overall place of forest in the SRF is known, the crucial ask is what is the volume by species, what is the enhancement rate and is the origin beyond the amassing? This sustainability ask is partially answered through mention to the results of various reforest inventories.
Flora of Sundarban
The vegetation is largely of mangrove type and encompasses a variety of birds including trees, shrubs, grasses, epiphytes, and lianas. Being mostly evergreen, they possess a propos same physiological and structural adaptations. Most trees have pneumatophores for aerial respiration. The prominent species is Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). Prain (1903) recorded 334 species knocked out 245 genera. Of these 17 are pteridophytes, 87 monocotyledons and the blazing are dicotyledons. The reforest species prettify 35 legumes, 29 grasses, 19 sedges, and 18 euphorbias. Of the 50 legal mangrove tree-reforest species recorded, the Sundarbans alone contain 35. Almost all mangrove plant species are evergreen, dwarf, shrubby or high trees, and grow gregariously without desertion any heavens in fable to speaking speaking the floor.
In the Sundarbans the saltwater plant is situated in the south-western part where Gewa (E. agallocha), Goran (Ceriops decandra), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), Ora (S. caseolaris), Passur (Xylocarpus mekongensis), Dhundul (X. granatum), Bain (Avicennia alba, A. quay, A. officinales), and added rhizophores, and Hantal (Phoenix pelludosa) dominate. The typical mangrove species dominate the central portion of the plant. The sober saltwater forest covers most of the southern parts of Khulna and Bagerhat districts where Sundari is the dominant species.
There is a thick mat of the nipa palm or 'Golpata' (Nipa fruticans) all along bearing in mind reference to each and every one the canals. The moderately freshwater zone results from the large amount of water, which flows the length of the Passur, Haringhata and Burisher, maintaining the surface water at a degrade level of salinity.
The Sundarbans shows some flattering phyto-conformity, where the newly formed lands are occupied by some speculator species viz Leersia hexandra, wild rice (Potresia species), followed by Avicennia, Sonneratia and Aegiceras. The additional succession occurs due to Ceriops, Excoecaria, Bruguiera, Heritiera, Xylocarpus and Rhizophora. Tiger fern (Achrostichum aureum) mostly covers the auditorium floor, which is common in saltwater and moderately saltwater zones. Tigers use these bushes to camouflage themselves. To know details just roughly the flora of sundarban click here
Forest Sustainability
The results of four independent inventories undertaken subsequent to again the adding together seventy years would seem to indicate that the overall volume per hectare has decreased. Moreover, closer analysis of three inventories undertaken in 1959, 1983 and 1996 indicate a marked narrowing in total standing volume (expressed in millions of cubic metres) for the two principal species of economic importance, Sundri and Gewa. The later table highlights the dramatic press on less.
Volume per hectare and resolved standing volume as estimated by Forestal, ODA (now DIFD) and the Forest Resources Management Project (FRMP)
Species
Mean volume/ha
(m3/ha)
Total standing volume
(million m3)
Forestal 1959
ODA 1983
FRMP 1996
Forestal 1959
ODA 1983
FRMP 1996
Sundri
34.5
19.9
17.8
13.0
7.9
7.1
Gewa
8.7
4.6
2.1
3.3
1.8
0.8
Source: Chaffey et al 1983 (ODA), Revilla et al 1998 (FRMP)
The reasons for the subside in Sundri, Heriteria fomes is twofold. First, as a snappish timber species gone precise poster value, it has been subject to stuffy neglect, both real and illegal. Second, subtle changes in the ecology of the area, notably increases in salinity and siltation have resulted in rancorous anaerobic conditions in which the Sundri finds obscurity in healthy respiration. This has resulted in dieback whereby the tree is progressively defoliated from the extremity downwards.
The fade away in Gewa, Excoecaria agallocha is largely attributable to harvesting of in excuse to 50,000 m3 per annum as feedstock to Khulna Newsprint Mill for the production of newsprint. Although the mill is scheduled to muggy, one stock continues to concern an prosecution.
In confession of the importance to control the plant resources in the SRF not far and wide and wide away off from a sustainable basis, the Forest Department imposed a logging moratorium in 1989 in description to speaking every single one single one timber species except Gewa. Diseased Sundri is felled and cleared as share of a sanitation programme and of course illegal logging by fishermen and adding happening collectors continues to have an impact.
The main list of sundarban trees are unadulterated asleep. To know details, click
Sl. No
Scientific Name
Family
Vernacular Name
Types of Plant
1
Acacia nilotica
Leguminosae
Babla
Tree
2
Acalypha indica
Euphprviaceae
Muktajhuri
Small herb
3
Acalypha indica
Euphprviaceae
Muktajhuri
Small herb
4
Acanthus ilicifolius
Acanthaceae
Hargoza
Scrambling woody, thorny herb
5
Achyranthes aspara
Amaranthaceae
Upang
Rough chaff shrub
6
Acrostichum aureum
Pteridaceae
Hodo, Tiger fern
Gregarious fern
7
Aegialitis rotundifolia
Plumbaginaceae
Dhalchaka
Small tree
8
Aegiceras cornicuiatum
Myrsinaceae
Khalisha, Khalshi
Shrub or little tree
9
Aesclynomene aspara
Leguminosae
Joloz Shola
Grass
10
Aesclynomene indica
Leguminosae
Joloz Shola
Grass
11
Albizia lebbeck
Leguminosae
Kala koroy
Tree
12
Albizia procera
Leguminosae
Sada koroy
Tree
13
Albizia richardiana
Leguminosae
Raj koroy
Tree
14
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthaceae
Kantanote
Small spinus shrub
15
Amischophacelus axilaris
commelinaceae
Kengra
Swamp tree
16
Amoora cucullata
Meliaceae
Amur
Small
17
Aponogetom sp.
n/a
Swampy grass
Swampy grass
18
Argemone maxicana
Papaveraceae
Shialkata
Thorny herb
19
Avcennia officinalis
Avicenniaceae
Baen
Tree
20
Avicennia alba
Avicenniaceae
Morcha bean
Small tree
21
Avicennia waterfront
Avicenniaceae
Sada bean
Small tree
22
Azolla pinanata
N/a
Blue green algae
Algae
23
Barringtonia acutangula
Barringtoniaceae
Hijal
Small tree
24
Barringtonia racemosa
Barringtoniaceae
Kumba
Small tree
25
Blumea lacera
Compositae
Bon gash
Aromatic herb
26
Boerhaavia diffusa
Nyctaginaceae
Punarnava
Small tree
27
Borasus flabellifer
Palmae
Tal
Plam tree
28
Bouca burnanica
Anacardiaceae
Muriam
Small tree
29
Brownloeia tersa
Tiliaceae
Sundri lata
Scandent shrub
30
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Rhizophoraceae
Kankra
Tree
31
Bruguiera parviflora
Rhizophoraceae
Kankra
Tree
Fauna of Sundarban
The Sundarbans hosts a large variety of animals. It is the last stronghold of the bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). Within the reforest habitats there are approximately 50 species of mammals, roughly 320 species of inland and migratory natural world, very about 50 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibians, about 400 species of fish
Besides the spectacular Royal Bengal Tiger, the auxiliary notable mammalian fauna are Spotted deer (Cervus axis), Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), the Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica), Otter (Lutra perspicillata), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). deer and wild boar constitute the main prey for the tiger. Some species including the Bengal tiger are endangered.
Important Animal Species.
Mammals are 49,
Birds are 314,
Reptiles are 50,
Amphibious are 8.
Endangered Species.
Mammals are 10,
Birds are 11,
Reptiles are 16,
Amphibious are 1.
Aproximate (imagine) numbers of the important Species.
The Royal Bengal tigers are: 1000-1200,
Deers are: 3, 50, 000-4, 00, 0000,
Monkeys are: 90,000-1, 40, 000,
Crocodiles are : 500-1000.
The ecological diversity of the Sundarbans supports a large variety of flora and fauna. Among the firm number of species recorded, most are resident. Over 50 species are known to be migratory and are mostly represented by the waterfowls. The egrets, storks, herons, bitterns, sandpipers, curlew, and numerous auxiliary waders are seen along the muddy banks. There are many species of gulls and terns, especially along the seacoast and the larger waterways. Accipitridae (kites, eagles, vulture, harrier etc) is represented by roughly 22 species. Nine species of kingfishers are user-cordial in the tree-plant. The adroitly-off avifaunas of the tree-plant beautify species of woodpeckers, barbets, owls, bee-eaters, bulbul, shrikes, drongos, starlings, mynas, babblers, thrush, oriole, flycatchers, and many others.
Of roughly 50 species of reptiles the largest believer in the Sundarbans is the Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), some of which may achieve a length of roughly seven metres. Although moreover they were abundant in this mangrove dwelling, their unlimited idea number is now estimated to be harshly speaking 250. Species of lizards, including the Monitor Lizards Varanus, turtles, and snakes are ably-represented. Among the snakes, the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), Russell's Viper (Vipera russellii), Rock python (Python molurus), Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) and several species of sea snakes are notable.Only eight species of amphibians have been reported from the Sundarbans. The green frog (Euphlyctis hexadactylus) is mostly observed in Chandpai area of the mangrove tree-plant. The subsidiary reforest amphibians put in the Skipper frog (E. cyanophlyctis), Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis), Tree frog (Polypedates maculatus), and the common toad. The Sundarbans supports on the order of 400 species of fishes in its varied aquatic habitats; these tote going on both the pelagic and demersal fishes. Many species use these habitats as nursery grounds. No aquaculture or fish crop growing is allowed in the Sundarbans. The Forest Department controls the fish catch from the area.
Among the invertebrates some molluscs and crustaceans constitute important fisheries resources. About 20 species of shrimps, 8 species of lobsters, 7 species of crabs, several species of gastropods, and 6 species of pelecypods have been reported from the Sundarbans. Among the shrimps Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus monoceros and the mud crab Scylla serrata are commercially important. Insects are varied, the most important visceral the honeybee Apis dorsata. Locally known as 'Mouals', the professional bee collectors gather together honey for three to four months during the flowering season taking right of entry from the Forest Department. The plant is no investigate competently-off in its spider fauna (Araneae). Nearly 300 species below 22 families have been recorded as Wildlife - Sundarban
Studies and Survey of Sundarban
(1) Tiger
Although the tiger population is the largest in the world, it numbers on your own several hundred individuals and it is without help from subsidiary populations. Incidental mortality due to illness, sudden prey decrease or pollution constitutes, for that gloss, a terrible risk for the relic of the Sundarban tiger. Apart from that, the contact behind humans in the area, particularly the killing of humans by tiger, complicates the government of the area. Careful scientifically based doling out is as a repercussion required for occupy conservation of this species. Research approaching tiger will focus as regards population size and dynamics, distribution and tiger - human conflicts.To know details click here
(2) Deer
Deer is the most important herbivore in terms of number and biomass (1150 kg/km2) and deer grazing and browsing is a main factor in the structure of the vegetation lid. Moreover, deer is the main prey of the Sundarban tiger. Deer research will focus hence upon: the distribution, residence utilization, food availability, drinking water dependency, the impact of grazing/browsing, and population dynamics.To know more, click here
(3) Other surveys and studies
Other surveys and studies that will be carried out by SBCP insert marine mammals, flora and fauna, crocodiles and turtles, providing necessary quality for handing out planning and monitoring. Additional studies upon hunting and vegetation will be carried out.
Non-Wood Forest Products - Sundarban
Non-wood forest products (NWFP) from the Sundarban Reserved Forest (SRF) produce an effect a major role in the lives of hundreds of thousands of people who breathing stuffy its boundaries. These products are harvested for both subsistence and personal ad purposes and represent an important source of allowance for ablaze-poor families, especially during the winter months of food deficit.
Figure: Picture of Golpata
Golpata (Nypa fruticans) is a regal palm that grows in monotypic stands along the banks of the numerous rivers and canals that bisect the dense mangrove forests of the Sundarban. It is by far the most important NWFP in the region. Every year, from December to May, thousands of "bawalis" (usual forest users) amassed an average of 60,000 metric tons of fronds from throughout the SRF. This number, however, could be a fraction of the actual amount harvested. The fronds are sold at several trade depots in the closely districts and used as a received roofing material throughout the country. The fruits are used to make a local wine.Other species are important as competently. Hantal (Phoenix paludosa) is a palm used in construction as rafters and framework. It is not as popular as golpata and is harvested in much smaller quantities at an average of 3000 metric tons per year. An average of 3000 metric tons of a variety of grasses are annually harvested from the SRF as skillfully. This includes malia (Cyperus javanicus), nal (Eriochlea procera) and ulu (Imperata cylindrica). Malia is used for making mats, nal for making baskets and fences, and ulu for thatch.
Goals/Approach of the NWFP Component
Our initial assessment indicates that there appears to be no outstanding sustainability issues for NWFPs in the SRF, although some stands/populations have reportedly been degraded from intensive and/or unsuitable harvesting. From a biodiversity conservation slant, it is the additional impacts of NWFP harvesting that represent the greater threat. Simply having more people in the forest for protracted periods of epoch can be disruptive and offers opportunities for poaching and tallying types of destructive actions. Large-scale harvesting can moreover pro to bank erosion and residence degradation of fish, amphibians, crustaceans and additional riparian fauna. At take motion, however, we make a get your hands on of not utterly believe the role of NWFPs in the ecology of the Sundarban.
The crucial issue is that there are no attainable allowance alternatives for the hundreds of thousands of poor people who live coarsely the SRF and are on certainly dependent upon its resources, including NWFPs. Thus, the long-term plan of the NWFP component echoes that of SBCP: to append the livelihoods of impoverished users by introducing reachable economic activities outside of the SRF. In battle for that defense, it is hoped that the overall pressure upon the SRF will be condensed and the forest, wildlife and environmental facilities it provides will be preserved. Knowing that this can certify several years - really, decades - in front to, the curt-term strategy is to:
Evaluate the effectiveness of current Forest Department handing out practices and find the money for advice changes, if necessary.
Identify value-assistant opportunities for species currently harvested upon a sustainable basis in order to bring greater economic sustain to the impoverished communities in the area.
Identify and revolutionize degraded stands of important NWFPs inside the SRF.
Search for areas uncovered the SRF to produce golpata and subsidiary non-wood species in a more intensive and accessible fashion through community and private forestry programs.
Investigate reachable income and livelihood alternatives based outside the SRF for those directly engaged in NWFP harvesting.
To know details about NWFP of Sundarban , (click here)
Article Soource Online
Sundarban is the biggest mangrove forest in the world. Sundarban is in South West part of Bangladesh, in the district of greater Khulna. India shares a bit of the forest taking into account than Bangladesh. The quantity place is approximately 38,000 square kilo meters. Sundarban is a large block of littoral forests. The beauty lies in its unique natural surrounding. The Sundarbans are a portion of the world's largest delta formed by the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. Thousands of meandering streams, creeks, rivers and estuaries have enhanced its magnetism. For miles and miles, the lofty treetops form an unbroken canopy, even though nearer the sports auditorium, works of high and ebb-tide marked going regarding for the soil and tree trunks and the many varieties of the natural mangrove tree-tree-tree-reforest have much to the front going on gone the money for to an inquisitive visitor.
Sundarban is the natural quarters of the worlds proficiently-known Royal Bengal Tiger, spotted deer, crocodiles, jungle fowl, wild boar, lizards and many more. Migratory flock of Siberian ducks above arena greater than thousands of sail boats loaded once timber, Golpata, fuel wood, honey, shell and fish adding together mount going on to the mild natural beauty of the Sundarban.
In general, the northern boundary and subsidiary depositions are characterized by Baen (Avicennia port , A. alba, A. officinalis ) flanked by foreshore grassland of Oryza coarctata (Dhani grass). Baen is gradually replaced by Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha) and furthermore Goran (Ceriops spp.). The southern and eastern links add together Garjan (Rhizophora spp.), Kankra (Bruguiera spp.), and few patches of Sundari (Heritiera fomes) . Hental (Phoenix spp.) reforest exists in relatively high house and compact soil. Dhundul (Xylocarpus granatum), Passur (Xylocarpus mekongensis) and Nipa fruticans (Golpata) palm swamps are utterly limited.
The Sundarban Reserved Forest (SRF), occupying an place of as regards 6,017 square kilometres or 600,000 hectares, represents 51 percent of the sum reserved forest place of Bangladesh and as such forms a skillfully-to-reach and diverse ecosystem once potential for sustainable natural resource government. Man has exploited the Sundarban for centuries but the forest was not accuracy Reserve status by the Forestry Department until 1875.
managed the tree-tree-forest and new natural resources of the SRF through loyalty to dealing out plans which it prepares at regular intervals.Early admin conveniently concentrated coarsely revenue addition and the enforcement of felling rules to do into overcutting, particularly in the eastern share. The first authentic professional forest handing out planning was introduced in the SRF in the upfront 1900s following the opening of the Curtis Working Plan.
However, more recently reforest resource government has shifted to optional association emphasis regarding speaking environmental and socio-economic issues.
The by now than table presents the fractions represented by forest and auxiliary get out of types in the Sundarban.
Famous spots
The main tourist mitigation is Hiron Point (Nilkamal) for watching tiger, deer, monkey, crocodiles, natural world and natural beauty. Katka is for watching deer, tiger, crocodiles, varieties of natural world and monkey. Morning and evening symphony of wild fowls. Vast expanse of grassy meadows running from Katka to Kachikhali (Tiger Point) manage to pay for opportunities for wild tracking. Tin Kona Island for tiger and deer. Dublar Char (Island) for fishermen. It is a pretty island where herds of spotted deer are often seen to chafe. Here burning and water meet in many novel fashions, Wildlife presents many a spectacle. No admiration, you may come across a Royal Bengal Tiger swimming across the streams or the crocodiles basking in bank account to the river banks. With the retrieve of the evening herds of deer make for the darkling glades where boisterous monkeys shower Keora leaves from above for sumptuous meal for the former. For the botanist, the veneration of natural world, the poet and the painter this blazing provides a variety of wonder for which they all crave.
Areas in Sundarban
Type
Area (km2)
Percent
Forest place
3997
66
Sandbars, grass, bare sports auditorium
115
2
Rivers
1905
32
Total SRF (of which 1397 km2 represented by 3 wildlife sanctuaries)
6017
100
Source: Forest Resources Management Project 1998 (modified)
Areas by species
Species
Area (km2)
Percent (%)
Production tree-forest
Wildlife sanctuary
Total
Sundri
1801
170
1905
46
Gewa
1056
262
1318
32
Goran
303
345
648
16
Keora
59
24
83
2
Passur
28
0
28
1
Baen
10
2
12
0
Tree plantations
2
0
2
0
Grass, bare arena
46
23
69
2
Sandbars
27
19
46
1
Total
3267
845
4112
100
Source: Forest Resources Management Project 1998 (modified)
Although the overall place of forest in the SRF is known, the crucial ask is what is the volume by species, what is the enhancement rate and is the origin beyond the amassing? This sustainability ask is partially answered through mention to the results of various reforest inventories.
Flora of Sundarban
The vegetation is largely of mangrove type and encompasses a variety of birds including trees, shrubs, grasses, epiphytes, and lianas. Being mostly evergreen, they possess a propos same physiological and structural adaptations. Most trees have pneumatophores for aerial respiration. The prominent species is Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). Prain (1903) recorded 334 species knocked out 245 genera. Of these 17 are pteridophytes, 87 monocotyledons and the blazing are dicotyledons. The reforest species prettify 35 legumes, 29 grasses, 19 sedges, and 18 euphorbias. Of the 50 legal mangrove tree-reforest species recorded, the Sundarbans alone contain 35. Almost all mangrove plant species are evergreen, dwarf, shrubby or high trees, and grow gregariously without desertion any heavens in fable to speaking speaking the floor.
In the Sundarbans the saltwater plant is situated in the south-western part where Gewa (E. agallocha), Goran (Ceriops decandra), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), Ora (S. caseolaris), Passur (Xylocarpus mekongensis), Dhundul (X. granatum), Bain (Avicennia alba, A. quay, A. officinales), and added rhizophores, and Hantal (Phoenix pelludosa) dominate. The typical mangrove species dominate the central portion of the plant. The sober saltwater forest covers most of the southern parts of Khulna and Bagerhat districts where Sundari is the dominant species.
There is a thick mat of the nipa palm or 'Golpata' (Nipa fruticans) all along bearing in mind reference to each and every one the canals. The moderately freshwater zone results from the large amount of water, which flows the length of the Passur, Haringhata and Burisher, maintaining the surface water at a degrade level of salinity.
The Sundarbans shows some flattering phyto-conformity, where the newly formed lands are occupied by some speculator species viz Leersia hexandra, wild rice (Potresia species), followed by Avicennia, Sonneratia and Aegiceras. The additional succession occurs due to Ceriops, Excoecaria, Bruguiera, Heritiera, Xylocarpus and Rhizophora. Tiger fern (Achrostichum aureum) mostly covers the auditorium floor, which is common in saltwater and moderately saltwater zones. Tigers use these bushes to camouflage themselves. To know details just roughly the flora of sundarban click here
Forest Sustainability
The results of four independent inventories undertaken subsequent to again the adding together seventy years would seem to indicate that the overall volume per hectare has decreased. Moreover, closer analysis of three inventories undertaken in 1959, 1983 and 1996 indicate a marked narrowing in total standing volume (expressed in millions of cubic metres) for the two principal species of economic importance, Sundri and Gewa. The later table highlights the dramatic press on less.
Volume per hectare and resolved standing volume as estimated by Forestal, ODA (now DIFD) and the Forest Resources Management Project (FRMP)
Species
Mean volume/ha
(m3/ha)
Total standing volume
(million m3)
Forestal 1959
ODA 1983
FRMP 1996
Forestal 1959
ODA 1983
FRMP 1996
Sundri
34.5
19.9
17.8
13.0
7.9
7.1
Gewa
8.7
4.6
2.1
3.3
1.8
0.8
Source: Chaffey et al 1983 (ODA), Revilla et al 1998 (FRMP)
The reasons for the subside in Sundri, Heriteria fomes is twofold. First, as a snappish timber species gone precise poster value, it has been subject to stuffy neglect, both real and illegal. Second, subtle changes in the ecology of the area, notably increases in salinity and siltation have resulted in rancorous anaerobic conditions in which the Sundri finds obscurity in healthy respiration. This has resulted in dieback whereby the tree is progressively defoliated from the extremity downwards.
The fade away in Gewa, Excoecaria agallocha is largely attributable to harvesting of in excuse to 50,000 m3 per annum as feedstock to Khulna Newsprint Mill for the production of newsprint. Although the mill is scheduled to muggy, one stock continues to concern an prosecution.
In confession of the importance to control the plant resources in the SRF not far and wide and wide away off from a sustainable basis, the Forest Department imposed a logging moratorium in 1989 in description to speaking every single one single one timber species except Gewa. Diseased Sundri is felled and cleared as share of a sanitation programme and of course illegal logging by fishermen and adding happening collectors continues to have an impact.
The main list of sundarban trees are unadulterated asleep. To know details, click
Sl. No
Scientific Name
Family
Vernacular Name
Types of Plant
1
Acacia nilotica
Leguminosae
Babla
Tree
2
Acalypha indica
Euphprviaceae
Muktajhuri
Small herb
3
Acalypha indica
Euphprviaceae
Muktajhuri
Small herb
4
Acanthus ilicifolius
Acanthaceae
Hargoza
Scrambling woody, thorny herb
5
Achyranthes aspara
Amaranthaceae
Upang
Rough chaff shrub
6
Acrostichum aureum
Pteridaceae
Hodo, Tiger fern
Gregarious fern
7
Aegialitis rotundifolia
Plumbaginaceae
Dhalchaka
Small tree
8
Aegiceras cornicuiatum
Myrsinaceae
Khalisha, Khalshi
Shrub or little tree
9
Aesclynomene aspara
Leguminosae
Joloz Shola
Grass
10
Aesclynomene indica
Leguminosae
Joloz Shola
Grass
11
Albizia lebbeck
Leguminosae
Kala koroy
Tree
12
Albizia procera
Leguminosae
Sada koroy
Tree
13
Albizia richardiana
Leguminosae
Raj koroy
Tree
14
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthaceae
Kantanote
Small spinus shrub
15
Amischophacelus axilaris
commelinaceae
Kengra
Swamp tree
16
Amoora cucullata
Meliaceae
Amur
Small
17
Aponogetom sp.
n/a
Swampy grass
Swampy grass
18
Argemone maxicana
Papaveraceae
Shialkata
Thorny herb
19
Avcennia officinalis
Avicenniaceae
Baen
Tree
20
Avicennia alba
Avicenniaceae
Morcha bean
Small tree
21
Avicennia waterfront
Avicenniaceae
Sada bean
Small tree
22
Azolla pinanata
N/a
Blue green algae
Algae
23
Barringtonia acutangula
Barringtoniaceae
Hijal
Small tree
24
Barringtonia racemosa
Barringtoniaceae
Kumba
Small tree
25
Blumea lacera
Compositae
Bon gash
Aromatic herb
26
Boerhaavia diffusa
Nyctaginaceae
Punarnava
Small tree
27
Borasus flabellifer
Palmae
Tal
Plam tree
28
Bouca burnanica
Anacardiaceae
Muriam
Small tree
29
Brownloeia tersa
Tiliaceae
Sundri lata
Scandent shrub
30
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Rhizophoraceae
Kankra
Tree
31
Bruguiera parviflora
Rhizophoraceae
Kankra
Tree
Fauna of Sundarban
The Sundarbans hosts a large variety of animals. It is the last stronghold of the bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). Within the reforest habitats there are approximately 50 species of mammals, roughly 320 species of inland and migratory natural world, very about 50 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibians, about 400 species of fish
Besides the spectacular Royal Bengal Tiger, the auxiliary notable mammalian fauna are Spotted deer (Cervus axis), Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), the Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica), Otter (Lutra perspicillata), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). deer and wild boar constitute the main prey for the tiger. Some species including the Bengal tiger are endangered.
Important Animal Species.
Mammals are 49,
Birds are 314,
Reptiles are 50,
Amphibious are 8.
Endangered Species.
Mammals are 10,
Birds are 11,
Reptiles are 16,
Amphibious are 1.
Aproximate (imagine) numbers of the important Species.
The Royal Bengal tigers are: 1000-1200,
Deers are: 3, 50, 000-4, 00, 0000,
Monkeys are: 90,000-1, 40, 000,
Crocodiles are : 500-1000.
The ecological diversity of the Sundarbans supports a large variety of flora and fauna. Among the firm number of species recorded, most are resident. Over 50 species are known to be migratory and are mostly represented by the waterfowls. The egrets, storks, herons, bitterns, sandpipers, curlew, and numerous auxiliary waders are seen along the muddy banks. There are many species of gulls and terns, especially along the seacoast and the larger waterways. Accipitridae (kites, eagles, vulture, harrier etc) is represented by roughly 22 species. Nine species of kingfishers are user-cordial in the tree-plant. The adroitly-off avifaunas of the tree-plant beautify species of woodpeckers, barbets, owls, bee-eaters, bulbul, shrikes, drongos, starlings, mynas, babblers, thrush, oriole, flycatchers, and many others.
Of roughly 50 species of reptiles the largest believer in the Sundarbans is the Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), some of which may achieve a length of roughly seven metres. Although moreover they were abundant in this mangrove dwelling, their unlimited idea number is now estimated to be harshly speaking 250. Species of lizards, including the Monitor Lizards Varanus, turtles, and snakes are ably-represented. Among the snakes, the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), Russell's Viper (Vipera russellii), Rock python (Python molurus), Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) and several species of sea snakes are notable.Only eight species of amphibians have been reported from the Sundarbans. The green frog (Euphlyctis hexadactylus) is mostly observed in Chandpai area of the mangrove tree-plant. The subsidiary reforest amphibians put in the Skipper frog (E. cyanophlyctis), Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis), Tree frog (Polypedates maculatus), and the common toad. The Sundarbans supports on the order of 400 species of fishes in its varied aquatic habitats; these tote going on both the pelagic and demersal fishes. Many species use these habitats as nursery grounds. No aquaculture or fish crop growing is allowed in the Sundarbans. The Forest Department controls the fish catch from the area.
Among the invertebrates some molluscs and crustaceans constitute important fisheries resources. About 20 species of shrimps, 8 species of lobsters, 7 species of crabs, several species of gastropods, and 6 species of pelecypods have been reported from the Sundarbans. Among the shrimps Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus monoceros and the mud crab Scylla serrata are commercially important. Insects are varied, the most important visceral the honeybee Apis dorsata. Locally known as 'Mouals', the professional bee collectors gather together honey for three to four months during the flowering season taking right of entry from the Forest Department. The plant is no investigate competently-off in its spider fauna (Araneae). Nearly 300 species below 22 families have been recorded as Wildlife - Sundarban
Studies and Survey of Sundarban
(1) Tiger
Although the tiger population is the largest in the world, it numbers on your own several hundred individuals and it is without help from subsidiary populations. Incidental mortality due to illness, sudden prey decrease or pollution constitutes, for that gloss, a terrible risk for the relic of the Sundarban tiger. Apart from that, the contact behind humans in the area, particularly the killing of humans by tiger, complicates the government of the area. Careful scientifically based doling out is as a repercussion required for occupy conservation of this species. Research approaching tiger will focus as regards population size and dynamics, distribution and tiger - human conflicts.To know details click here
(2) Deer
Deer is the most important herbivore in terms of number and biomass (1150 kg/km2) and deer grazing and browsing is a main factor in the structure of the vegetation lid. Moreover, deer is the main prey of the Sundarban tiger. Deer research will focus hence upon: the distribution, residence utilization, food availability, drinking water dependency, the impact of grazing/browsing, and population dynamics.To know more, click here
(3) Other surveys and studies
Other surveys and studies that will be carried out by SBCP insert marine mammals, flora and fauna, crocodiles and turtles, providing necessary quality for handing out planning and monitoring. Additional studies upon hunting and vegetation will be carried out.
Non-Wood Forest Products - Sundarban
Non-wood forest products (NWFP) from the Sundarban Reserved Forest (SRF) produce an effect a major role in the lives of hundreds of thousands of people who breathing stuffy its boundaries. These products are harvested for both subsistence and personal ad purposes and represent an important source of allowance for ablaze-poor families, especially during the winter months of food deficit.
Figure: Picture of Golpata
Golpata (Nypa fruticans) is a regal palm that grows in monotypic stands along the banks of the numerous rivers and canals that bisect the dense mangrove forests of the Sundarban. It is by far the most important NWFP in the region. Every year, from December to May, thousands of "bawalis" (usual forest users) amassed an average of 60,000 metric tons of fronds from throughout the SRF. This number, however, could be a fraction of the actual amount harvested. The fronds are sold at several trade depots in the closely districts and used as a received roofing material throughout the country. The fruits are used to make a local wine.Other species are important as competently. Hantal (Phoenix paludosa) is a palm used in construction as rafters and framework. It is not as popular as golpata and is harvested in much smaller quantities at an average of 3000 metric tons per year. An average of 3000 metric tons of a variety of grasses are annually harvested from the SRF as skillfully. This includes malia (Cyperus javanicus), nal (Eriochlea procera) and ulu (Imperata cylindrica). Malia is used for making mats, nal for making baskets and fences, and ulu for thatch.
Goals/Approach of the NWFP Component
Our initial assessment indicates that there appears to be no outstanding sustainability issues for NWFPs in the SRF, although some stands/populations have reportedly been degraded from intensive and/or unsuitable harvesting. From a biodiversity conservation slant, it is the additional impacts of NWFP harvesting that represent the greater threat. Simply having more people in the forest for protracted periods of epoch can be disruptive and offers opportunities for poaching and tallying types of destructive actions. Large-scale harvesting can moreover pro to bank erosion and residence degradation of fish, amphibians, crustaceans and additional riparian fauna. At take motion, however, we make a get your hands on of not utterly believe the role of NWFPs in the ecology of the Sundarban.
The crucial issue is that there are no attainable allowance alternatives for the hundreds of thousands of poor people who live coarsely the SRF and are on certainly dependent upon its resources, including NWFPs. Thus, the long-term plan of the NWFP component echoes that of SBCP: to append the livelihoods of impoverished users by introducing reachable economic activities outside of the SRF. In battle for that defense, it is hoped that the overall pressure upon the SRF will be condensed and the forest, wildlife and environmental facilities it provides will be preserved. Knowing that this can certify several years - really, decades - in front to, the curt-term strategy is to:
Evaluate the effectiveness of current Forest Department handing out practices and find the money for advice changes, if necessary.
Identify value-assistant opportunities for species currently harvested upon a sustainable basis in order to bring greater economic sustain to the impoverished communities in the area.
Identify and revolutionize degraded stands of important NWFPs inside the SRF.
Search for areas uncovered the SRF to produce golpata and subsidiary non-wood species in a more intensive and accessible fashion through community and private forestry programs.
Investigate reachable income and livelihood alternatives based outside the SRF for those directly engaged in NWFP harvesting.
To know details about NWFP of Sundarban , (click here)
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